Key Factors of Consumer Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Key Factors of Consumer Behaviour Essay1. Discuss and explain the key factors influencing clearr behaviour. Why must organisations understand consumer behaviour in order to optimise gross revenue? Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large (AMA, 2007). Consumer behaviour is the judgment of final consumers individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption (Kotler et al., 1999) in that location are four key factors influencing consumer behaviour. They are brotherly, cultural, personal and psychological factors. Consumer may tends to change their buying behaviour according to these factors. Cultural factors are described as mess who react particular way regard to religion reason. Different culture response differently, how people behave with their buying decision. for instance in Myanmar, absolute majority of people do not have a habit of doing sport or using supplement for diet purposes. In United Kingdom, on the some other hand, assemblys of men and women tend to emphasis on sport and taking supplement. As a supplement business prospective, they should not supply their intersection or deal in Myanmar.Social factors are mainly influenced by family, close friend and personal attitude. They are also known as reference group. Reference group are important as the product are satisfied for their needs, the message with forward to another person which is also known as word of mouth. The dialogue is powerful because we trust our friends and colleagues opinions. For example, majority of wealthy people do not buy a Primark product, simple because of their status, they should be buying much more high-ticket(prenominal) product such as Gucci and Chanel. If they do consumer Primark product their friend may talk behind their back which affect the status.After taking cultural and soci al factors into consideration, the next things people naturally put things into account is personal factors. personal factors can be defined as a belief in which a person think the particular brand is valued to them. Personal factors consists of buyers age, occupation, economic situation and lifestyle. Depending on human life cycle, buyers decision making is changing in different stages. Therefore, marketer often member the market and target the consumer life stages. As an example, it is an inappropriate for the marketer to sell Samsung latest smart phone to senior citizen, they may only want to use simple keypad phone. In term of occupation, people are concerning about their status and image in their society. The products that they consume are crucial to his or her status.Psychological factors include belief, interest and motivation. Everyone has their own belief in different way. Often majority of people are twine when buying a particular brand. There is no right or wrong answe r, in fact, people learnt from past experience whether the brand had met their needs or how they perceived the brand . For example, Iphone 5, more and more people are getting the new Iphone 5, not because it is very special. In fact Samsung s3, has better functionality than Iphone but quiet people buys it. This shows people value the brand of Apple and how they perceived the brand. Motivation factors are another factor that consumer think before they buy. According to Maslow theory, different people has different needs. So, marketer should know how to segment the market and target the right person to maximise sales.In summary, organisation should consider how consumer behave for certain product by looking at these four factors. furthermore, communicating with consumer are crucial to the market as they sent the message the consumer about the products feature. Therefore, marketer has to be segment the market and target the right consumer to deliver the message across.

Theme Park Tourism Essay Example for Free

matter Park Tourism EssayDomestic an International Tourism Economy, 303 Mihai Bravu Street, bl 18 A, sc B, ap 54, sector3, Buch arst, netmail emailprotected com, Phone 0744. 671. 291 Strutzen Gina 14 Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, Voluntari, Ilfov, Email emailprotected com, Phone 0723. 212. 300, Romanian American Univerity, Faculty of Domestic an International Tourism Economy Theme put ar confidential information players in the tourism industry, and play a special and important role in generating tourism demand. Theme place atomic number 18 the main motivators for tourism trips to some(prenominal) destinations and core elements of the tourism crop. Competition in the study approximate range grocery store is growing excessively in terms of an increasing number of place, but also relative to novel(prenominal) uses of untenanted. But in various areas, the point honey oil market in seems to be reaching its saturation point and the position corroborate to cater for visitors who are getting to a greater extent and more experienced and demanding. Given these trends of growing root super C supply, environmental constraints and increasingly discriminating consumer demand, it can be concluded that report commonaltys, to survive in this competitive market, must optimize is, given an ever increasing number of commonss and future trend of consumer doings.Keywords tourism, bag parks, victimisation The root park concept In general, typography parks can be defined as a subset of visitor attractions. Visitor attractions are described as permanent resources which are designed, controlled and managed for the enjoyment, fun, entertainment, and education of the visiting macrocosm thither are the main types of managed attractions for visitors ancient monuments historic buildings parks and gardens al-Qaida parks wildlife attractions museums art galleries industrial archeology sites topicd retail sites amusement and leisure parks. other definit ion of visitor attractions is regarded by specialists as single units, individual sites or distinctly defined small-scale geographical areas that are accessible and motivate large numbers of people to travel some distance from their home, usually in their leisure duration, to visit them for a short, limited period of time. Although this definition excludes uncontrollable and unmanageable phenomena the definition does imply that attractions are entities that are capable of being bounded and managed.The adepts of this definition consider four main types of attractions features within the natural environment (beaches, caves, forests) man-made buildings, structures and sites that were designed for a purpose other than attracting visitors (churches, archeological sites) man-made buildings, structures and sites that were designed to attract visitors and were purposely built to accommodate their needs, such(prenominal) as theme parks (theme parks, museums, waterfront developments) speci al events (sporting events, markets). These four types are distinguished by cardinal aspects.Firstly, the scratch line 3 types are generally permanent attractions, while the last category covers attractions that are temporary. Second, tourism is often seen as a threat to the first two types, and is generally perceived to be beneficial and an opportunity for the last two types. Managers of the first two types of attractions in general deal with problems caused by visitors, such as environmental damages and pollution, while managers of the other two types tend to aim to attract holidaymakers, increase visitor numbers, and maximize economic input.The main features that distinguish theme parks from other kinds of visitor attractions are a single pay-one-price admission charge the fact that they are mostly artificially created the requirement of high expectant investments. Theme parks attempt to create an atmosphere of another place and time, and usually emphasize one dominant theme n earlyish which architecture, landscape, rides, shows, food serve, tog personnel, retailing are 635 orchestrated.In this definition, the concept of themes is crucial to the operation of the parks, with rides, entertainment, and food all used to create several different environments. Examples of types of themes used in modern-day theme parks include history-periods, f stocky tails, animals, water, marine and futurism. These themes are used to create and sustain a feeling of life involvement in a setting completely removed from daily experience. Most theme parks are isolated, self contained units. Furthermore, it needs to be noted that most theme parks are developed, targeted and managed as mysterious sector companies, and are commercial enterprises.The worlds best known theme parks arguably are the Disney parks, such as Disneyland, Disneyworld and Euro Disney. The amusement parks, appeared previous the theme park concept, which were developed at the turn of this century a nd consisted of a mixture of entertainment, rides, games, and tests of skill provided at fairs, carnivals, circuses, and frequently they had an come out of the closetside garden for drinking. Amusement parks were an important element of mass tourism in the pre-depression period. However, the World warfare II has strongly influenced the decline of the traditional amusement park.Many parks were forced to close down permanently, while others survived, on a reduced scale, into the 1950s or even beyond. Since the end of World War II the number and range of theme parks available to consumers has multiplied dramatically. The rise of car-ownership has increased mobility and al low-downed people to visit more isolated parks in their own countries that were previously inaccessible. Rising affluence has increased the amount of free time. Also, longer weekends and increased paid holidays have helped to stimulate the expansion in theme park visits.Furthermore, the growth of tourism in the past fifty years and the recognition of the economic benefits of tourism have led to the growth of purpose-built attractions, such as theme parks, specifically designed to attract holidaymakers, and to encourage them to spend their money. Disney was the first to introduce a special and forward-looking style of parks around a number of themes or unifying ideas to sanitize the amusement park for the middle classes. The modern day techniques for reproducing landscape, buildings, and arte facts can create a reality in theme parks that has been previously the preserve of film and theatre.Through changes in acid technology and social attitudes, downtown industrial and residential land has sustain redundant. For example, historic buildings are often inaccessible to the new scale of road, and historic buildings worthy of conservation are not always adaptable to new agate line practice. The current interest in urban space for leisure and the use of leisure as a generator for adaptation and r enewal is significant. In marketing urban locations for new investment the quality of life is becoming identified with the quality of the leisure environment. During the 80s and 90s, theme parks began bedspread around the world.While many developing nations are experiencing the entertainment of theme parks for the first time, the theme park growth slowed in the USA referable to escalating costs and a lack of markets large enough to support a theme park. The development of theme parks over time has been different in every country, reflecting differences in a number of ciphers including the level of economic development and the distribution of wealth the commit system the natural environment and built heritage the national culture the degree to which tourism is a matter of incoming opposed visitors rather than domestic demand.The tourism general environment of the theme parks The theme park and its total tourism environment need to be a place in which the entire array of phys ical features and run are provided for an assumed capacity of visitors. The tourism supply and demand market is the two sides that require close examination for theme park supplying. Insight in market developments is necessary for taking a longer term perspective in theme park planning.The economic environment of theme parks The planning efforts of theme park are mostly directed towards improving the economy, because the economic impact of theme parks is generally positive including increased direct and indirect employment, income and foreign exchange improved transportation facilities and other infrastructure for tourism that residents also can 636 utilize generation of government revenues for improvement of community facilities and services the multiplier effect within the local and regional economy.Although improving the economy is an important goal, it will not be achieved unless planning for the economy is accompanied by three other goals, enhanced visitor satisfaction, prote cted resource assets, and integration with community social and economic life. For example, some theme parks use imported goods and services instead of taking advantage of locally available resources. Also, tourism can cause inflation of local prices of land, goods and services. The socio-cultural environment of theme parks The impact of theme park operations can bring both benefits and problems to the local society and its cultural patterns.A theme park in an area generates contact in the midst of residents and visitors. This can be problematic in areas where the traditional cultural pattern of the residents differs extremely from that of the visitors of a park. Also, when there is a substantial socioeconomic difference amongst the visitors and the residents this may cause a problem. For example, problems may include over crowding of facilities and transportation, over commercialization, misunderstandings and conflicts between residents and visitors because of differences in lang uages, customs, and value systems, and violation of local dress and behavior codes.Theme parks especially have peak attendance figures, and therefore the concentration of visitors in space and time is a major problem. On the other hand, tourism in an area may improve the living standards of people and help pay for improvements to community facilities and services if the economic benefits of tourism are healthy distributed. The psychically environment of theme parks Theme parks environmental impact is mostly negative and a cause for concern.As theme parks have been designed specifically to accommodate the modern visitor, the environmental impact of theme parks can include visual pollution like unprepossessing buildings and structures, and large un winsome car parks. The space occupation of parks is enormous and mostly involves destruction of parts of the natural environment. Other environmental problems are air and water pollution, noise, vehicular and pedestrian congestion, and la nd use incompatibility. Therefore, an essential element of theme park planning is determining the carrying capacities or use saturation levels of the area.The transportation of the theme parks Passenger transportation is a vital component of the theme park system. Theme parks have a relationship with transport systems in a number of ways The transport networks make theme parks physically accessible to potential visitors and therefore are an important factor in determining the number of visitors a theme park is likely to attract. The e existence of major theme parks and attractions leads to the development of new public transport services to meet the demand of visitors.The transport is also important within destinations to make travel between theme parks and attractions and between attractions and services as easy as possible. The modes of transport can often be an attraction in themselves with passengers being encouraged to see using them as a type of special event. The novel method s of on-site transport are used to move visitors around the theme park in ways that will come to the enjoyment of their visit. The planning of inter modal transportation centers is needed for domestic local, as sound as outside, visitor markets.The infrastructure of theme parks In addition to transportation facilities, other infrastructure elements include water supply, electric power, waste disposal, and telecommunications. These components are usually intend by the public sector. Even though private and independent decision making are valued highly by most enterprises in all tourism sectors, each will extend to by better understanding the trends and plans by others. The public sector can plan for better highways, water supply, waste disposal, when private sector plans for attractions and services are known.Conversely, the private sector can plan and develop more effectively when public sector plans are known. Facilities offered by the theme parks Accommodation, hotels and othe r tourist facilities, provide services so that tourists can stay overnight during their travels. Other facilities necessary for tourism development include tour and travel operations, restaurants, retail 637 outlets, item shops, financial facilities and services, tourist information offices, public safety facilities and services of police and fire protection.A theme park and its environment need to be planned in such a way that the entire array of physical features and services is provided for an assumed capacity of visitors. It is important in planning the services businesses to earn that they gain from clustering. Food services, lodging, and supplementary services must be grouped together and within reasonable time and distance reach for the visitor. The institutional environment The institutional elements need to be considered in planning the theme park environment. From national to local governing levels, statutory requirements may stimulate or barricade tourism development.F or example, policies on infrastructure may favor one area over another. Also, the administrative laws and regulations can influence the amount and quality of tourism development in a particular area. Policies of the many departments and bureaus can greatly influence how human, physical and cultural resources are applied. The development of theme parks The theme park market worldwide has grown dramatically during the last decades. For example, in the USA (where most of the theme park trends originated), theme parks have more than cc million paid attendees each year. This strong consumer demand has resulted in the development of many parks.These parks are not only growing rapidly in size and importance, but also are investing substantial amounts in new entertainment and facilities, and extending their services into relatively unexplored areas such as give and accommodation.. Also, Asia is the theme park market for the new millennium. Even more, several Asian cities, like Bangkok, Sin gapore and Kuala Lumpur, want to become tourism hubs, and theme parks are central to these plans. Although in the Asian countries a shift from hopping centers to theme parks can be seen, the opposite can be observed as well indicating a growing role of retailing in existing theme parks.The relationship between merchandising and theme park visits clearly has potential for go on growth, and the advantages of stimulating this demand are becoming increasingly recognized by theme park operators. They are racing to obtain more profits out of their rides, activities and exhibits by linking rides to merchandise and placing goods at spots where visitors are most likely to buy, and that is close to the key rides, activities and exhibits The objective is to give people a part of the park to take home and share with others.In Europe most theme parks were built in the last 25 years. First, theme parks were more a Northern Europe phenomenon, but recently, several regions and countries in Souther n Europe have supported the growth of theme parks as an attractive option to increase economic input. Due to all these new parks built, the theme park market is saturating. Consequently, the competition in the European theme park market is growing. Not only in terms of the growing number of new other parks, but also due to other uses of leisure time and discretionary expenditure such as home-based entertainment systems.Managers of large theme parks are concerned about the scale of the investments require to add new exciting rides, activities and exhibits to their product. Especially, because a golden rule is that a theme park every year has to expand their park with a new attraction, to attract the required level of visitors European theme parks invest in average twenty percent of their turnover on new or better rides, activities and exhibits. Theme parks challenges The first challenge for theme parks managers is to compound the elements in the park itself with all the elements de fining the theme park environment in the theme park development plan.For example, theme parks cannot function without transportation possibilities to bring the visitor to the park, or food supply or accommodation to support the visitors stay. Planning a theme park requires significant public private cooperation. More and more public governments turn to the private sector for the readiness of services and the production of new products However, in order for such processes to run smoothly in theme parks, greater understanding of the roles of both sectors is needed. All private sector players on the supply side of the theme park environment such as, attractions, services, transportation, etc., depend greatly on investment, planning and management policies of government.Conversely, governments depend on the private sector for many tourism activities and responsibilities. Therefore, cooperation between the public and private sector is essential. 638 Another characteristic of theme parks is that their demand is highly seasonal. For theme park planners seasonality effects mean that they need to plan the facilities in such a way that whatever season or number of visitors in the park, the visitor experiences in the park are optimal.Also, when demand for rides, activities and facilities fluctuates during the day this can cause problems for the park, such as congestion and time specific peaks at the rides, activities and facilities. For theme park managers, capacity planning and routing is therefore an important task to deal with these problems. For example, to optimize the visitor streams in the park and to minimize waiting times at the activities. Another characteristic is the fact that theme parks face high fixed costs and low variable costs.This means that the costs per visitor in the low season, when there are only few visitors in the park, are much higher than in the high season, especially if the quality of the visitor experience has to be maintained. Furthermore , each year parks require high investments to add new exciting attractions to their product to attract the required level of visitors At the demand side, theme park planners may rely on marketers to actively try and manipulate tourist demand, by price differentiation across seasons, special rates for early bookings and bundling of services and visits over time or with other tourist facilities in the region.Similar to other tourist attractions, theme parks first and firstly provide enjoyment to their customers. This implies that theme park managers face especially strong demands from customers for new and exciting innovations in their services. Special strategies need to be devised to deal with tourist variety seeking. Also typically a diverse number of services within a park is required to promote repeat visits and to cater for different members of visitors groups as seniors and children) and for different segments in the tourist macrocosm at large.This has important implications for theme park planning in terms of location and type of activities that should be introduced and supported. Detailed consumer information often is essential to meet these consumers requirements. The costumers requirements place special demands on theme park planners in terms of meeting environmental standards enforce through (inter)national regulations and local communities, by increasing demands in terms of landscaping and design, and financial responsibilities in terms of managing large areas of land which need to be bought, lease or rented depending on the organizations financial management strategy.Another challenge facing theme park planner is that planning a park requires special skills in terms of combining creative and commercial abilities. Theme park design is crucial in determining the success of a park. In terms of design, several different levels can be distinguished. First, rides, activities and exhibits have to be designed attractively and effectively both in terms o f initial speak to and usage. Second, landscaping and urban designs are required to integrate the different single facilities into a whole based on the selected theme for the park.And finally, activities and services need to be arranged that can support and increase consumer experiences of the physical elements in the park. There also are some more general features of the theme park product that are shared with other services and that are a challenge to theme park planning. Meeting consumer demand must be done notwithstanding without compromising environmental and socio-cultural objectives. Because the theme product is consumed and produced at the same time, the service must be right the first time. Therefore, adequate theme park planning is highly critical for optimizing the delivery of the theme park product to the consumer.The final challenges facing theme park planners are created by the theme park market. There is a growing competition in the theme park market, with an ever i ncreasing number of parks and many parks expanding their activities. Even more so, the tourist demand market is facing demographic changes in the form of agreeing population, economic changes that lead to tighter family time budgets because of an increasing number of double earner households, and the introduction of new technologies such as multimedia entertainment that compete directly with the traditional theme park market.Knowledge of potential market origins, and interests, habits and other travel characteristics of the population is a necessary but not sufficient condition to plan the several components of the supply side. It is important for the parks to know how consumers think, and what makes them visit or not visit attractions, and when they want to visit a park. Also, for theme park planners, an estimate of peak visitor volume is essential to the planning of every feature of the theme park, parking, attractions, exhibits, toilet facilities, tour guidance, food services and souvenir sales.639 It can be concluded that the challenges theme park planners face ask for planning methods that can integrate the different components in the planning processes within and across various levels of planning. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Clave, Clark, Global theme park industry, Cab International, 2007 Goelder, Ch. , Tourism principles, practices, philosophies 8th ed. , Edit. John Wiley Sons, SUA, 2000 Wright, Godwin, The Imagineering Field occupy to Magic Kingdom Park at Walt Disney World Disney Press, 2005 www. themeparkinsider. com www. amusamentparks. com.

HR Practices Of Four Seasons

HR Pr workices Of tetrad SeasonsIntroductionNowadays the range of luxury hotels whole over the world is very big. thither are different types of luxury hotels and only of them have their own constitution, procedures and missions. Competition among these benignants of hotels is huge nowadays. The competition is found not on prices or percentage of discounts barely it is based on values, exclusivity, atmosphere and quality of serve well. One of these competitors is world known, luxury brand cardinal Seasons Hotels and indemnifys. However quadruple Seasons Hotels and Resorts managed to differentiate them from all other competitors in the Hotel Industry. In quaternity Seasons, steering has a huge value of their employees, because they know that the power of service is in mankind resources. Human Recourse counselling in quadruple Seasons Hotels and Resorts definitely plays very classical role for providing success of the company and delivering premises to their employee s and customers. The fol small(a)ing research provides readers with full picture of Human Resource Management Policy of Four Seasons hotels and Resorts. Also accessional recommendations and comments are given in decree to clarify the policy and mission of Human Resource Management. The research includes quin important questions about HRM. Answers for these questions can be used as tools to improve the human resource policy of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. As for readers the research will attention them to understand the value and mission of Human Resource Management in hospitality Industry.Introduce the caller-up and its sends in the Hospitality Industry. Is it an employer of choice?Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Company was founded in 1960 by Isadore Sharp and positioned as luxury hotel chain. The scratch hotel was opened in 1961 in the downtown area of Toronto, Canada. Isadore Sharp started a impertinently kind of luxury hotels by making it personalized, taking care of each customer and offering an excellent service for their guests. For funds Sharp involved his brother-in-law, Eddie Creed and his friend, Maurry Koffler. from each one of them contributed to the project. From 1970 till 1976 there were opened some(prenominal) Four season Hotels and resorts in London, Ontario and Bahamas. In 1976 Four Seasons hotels and Resorts grew and decided to expand in North America. So in 1976 they entered the US market in San-Francisco. So in 1977, Isadore Sharp along with Creed and Korrler decided to convert Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts into private company. Four Seasons has created a new niche in luxurious segment of Hospitality Industry, so provided themselves with a great opportunity to grow. In 1986 the company went public, by being presented on profligate market, but in 2007 it became private company again. By 1991 the company had roughly 36 hotels all over the world and around 13 sales and somatic offices. However Four Seasons faced with some financial issues and was rescued by investor from Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Prince Al-Waleed. In 1994 he purchased 25 percent of Four Seasons stocks and invested around C$100 million. After investing by Saudi Prince, the Four Seasons happend their expiation and opened new properties in Singapore, Mexico City, Berlin and Prague. In mid-nineties, whole hotel pains faced a downturn. As a result Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts turned to managing style rather owning hotels because it was oft more profitable in the long run. (Four Seasons Hotels Incs HR Practice., 2009). Nowadays Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts has 84 properties all over the world with liquid ecstasy service and very clear companys subtlety. Nowadays Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts has several competitors in Hospitality Industry. They are Fairmont Hotels, Ritz-Carlton, St. Regis and Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group.Positions of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts are very strong now. Despite on financial problems they faced in 1994, Four Seasons managed to stabilize and continue growing in hospitality industry. Four Seasons continues to have more of its hotels designated as AAA fivesome Diamond properties than any other hotel company and it has the most Mobil Five Star awards in the industry. The company is as well consistently highly ranked in readers surveys in publications such as Conde Nast Traveler, Travel + Leisure, Institutional Investor, Andrew Harpers Hideaway cover up and the Zagat Survey. (Hospitalitynet, 2010).First of all, the writer would give care to give the definition of terminus Employer of choice. Any employer of any size in the public, private, or not-for-profit sector that attracts, optimize and holds top endowment for long tenure, because the employees choose to be there. (Herman and Gioia, 2002, p. xi). Personalized service is a whimsical feature of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. But in order to cod the service unique for their guests, the company pays attention to their employees. Four seasons Management teams do value their staff and serve them as guests, also with uniqueness. As one of employees said Youre never threated like just and employee. You are a guest. (Four Seasons Hotels Incs HR Practice., 2009). This is the one and the most important reason why Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts became an Employer of choice. The company is recognized by many public magazines as an Employer of Choice. For example, since 1998 Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts are among 100 The best Companies to Work for, by Fortune Magazine. In 2009 Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Company was awarded The best Workplace by long Place to Work Institute Canada. Later in 2009 the Company was awarded Lifetime Commitment Award by National Society of Minorities in Hospitality (NSMH). In addition they were awarded Inductee to Canadas 10 Most Admired Corporate Cultures Hall of Fame 2010. Also Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts pay a lot of attention to trainings and development prog rams, thus in 2010 the company was listed in Training top 125 by Training Magazine. (FourSeason, 2010). As Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts in an international company and has many hotels all over the world, some of Four Seasons properties were also recognized by leading tourism and hospitality magazines. For example Four Seasons Hotels in the United Kingdom were The trump out place to Work in Hospitality in 2008 Four Seasons Hotel Dublin received Business Award Status, based on the Hotels best practices in recruitment and Selection and Learning, Development and Progression in 2008 Four Seasons Hotel Prague was awarded as Company of the Year 2008. This award is given to the companies who supporting the employment of hearing-challenged individuals. (FourSeason, 2010). All these awards and recognitions are the important indicator of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts goal and a result of well-organized corporate environment.Explain its culture, its unique to the Company, how does this vary from its major competitors.Four Seasons Hotels and resorts has their own and unique service culture. The culture is mainly based on Golden Rule by Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. The philosophy of Golden Rule is very simple and clear. As the CEO of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, Isadore Shard defined it The Golden Rule do unto others, as you would have them to do unto you (Four Seasons Hotels Incs HR Practice., 2009). According to Mr. Sharp definition it is very important to treat everyone guests, colleagues and partners as you would want them to treat you. Within Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts the Golden Rule applied to every person in the company and it does not matter whether you are manager or front line employee. What Four Seasons calls its unique service culture is based on a series of insights and beliefs about the person who provides the act of service, and the one who receives it. In writers opinion, the Golden Rule makes the uniqueness and creating a very imper ious atmosphere within all company and all properties around the world. The intent below represents the forming of the culture. (Scheme 1)Scheme 1As readers can see from the Scheme 1 there are several move leading to the organizational culture. The first step is Philosophy of companys founder. As it was mentioned above Mr. sharp has his own philosophy of service and companys culture which is based on making the service exclusive and personalized. By implementing his own view of the service into Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Companys structure, Isadore Sharp has created absolutely new type of culture not only for his personal need but also for whole the company. The undermentioned step is Selection Criteria, which is based on recruiting and plectrum of candidates. As we know from the case-study of Four Seasons Hotels Inc., each potential candidate for any position in four seasons Hotels and Resorts had to pass through five interviews and the final one was with the General Manag er of the Hotel. In the example above readers can see that selection process in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is very difficult. It means that the company needs the best employees from the best. The selection process is very important for the company, because managers look for really professionalized persons or persons who have potential to learn and to be trained. The thing is that Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts based on personal service, thats why they have such complicated selection process. The next steps of analyzing Four Seasons culture are Top Management and Socialization. Top Management plays very important role in forming companys culture. As readers can see, in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Company, senior executives help to establish behavioral standards that can be adopted by the company. Socialization is a process which helps new employees to adopt into companys culture and implement skills and advantages in practice, by making service in Four Seasons Hotels and Re sorts personalized. In addition the Socialization step can be separated into several stages like Pre-arrival stage, Encounter stage and Metamorphosis stage. All these stages directly helps in the process of forming the culture of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts.In writers opinion, Four Seasons company culture is much differentiated form its main competitors. As an example, the companys culture of Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Resorts is based on Gold Standards of the company. Gold Standards consist of six parts which includes the credo, the motto of the company, the three steps of service, service values, the 6th diamonds and the employee promises. (Gold Standards of Ritz-Carlton, 2010). As if follows, Four Seasons and Ritz-Carlton cultures are focused on making the service they provide more personalized, but in addition Four Seasons hotels and Resorts are focused on their employees. As a result, readers can make a conclusion that in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, the culture is as gues ts oriented as employees oriented. To prove this statement, the writer would like to present a phrase maintained in the case-study Loyalty to guests is important, but employees come first. (Four Seasons Hotels Incs HR Practice., 2009). One of the most important Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts differences from major competitors is that the company is more employees oriented rather other companies in Hospitality industry. As a result it attracts more and more employees to juncture Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts.How does HRM fit into the companys vision, mission values? Do these reflect a strategic purpose? How does HRM fit into the overall identity of the company, its managers and employees, make recommendations for any melioration and justify these.Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts haves their own vision, mission and values which are behead on Golden Rule. From HRM point of view, it directly into companys values, vision and mission. From the strategic nature of HRM in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, they deal with day-to-day issues, but it is also proactive in nature and integrated with other management functions. In addition HRM makes more delicate strategic view of human resource in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. From the recruitment point of view, human resource management makes sophisticated recruitment for all employees. In addition it has strong internal labour market for core employees. (Henderson, 2008). One of the most important values of Four Seasons hotels and Resorts is empowerment. HRM is responsible for delivering this feature to employees vision. Empowerment is management responsibility of sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so that they can take personal initiative and make decisions to solve problems and issues of the guests and improve service quality and performance of the company. It is based concept of giving employees the skills, resources, authority, opportunity, motivation, as well giving them responsibilities of their actions. (BusinessDictionary, 2010). In Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts management pay lots of attention to empowerment because it helps to development the level of service and in addition it makes employees feeling more responsible and important for the company. Thats why in all Four Seasons properties employees can act and take decisions independently. It means that for human recourse management, employees satisfaction is very important as guests satisfaction. Based on this writer can definitely say that Human Resource Management make big contribution into companys vision, value and mission. In Human Resource Management, trainings play also an important role in employees development and success. As for Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, trainings are transformed into learning and development philosophy transcending job-related training programs. The advantage of trainings in Four Seasons is that all trainings are designed foal all levels of employees including non-management . In addition trainings are designed to develop leadership and personal skills. For example Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts has a special program designed for graduates of hotel schools. Applying to Manager In Training Programs (MIT) is meant that candidates has the emplacement to be trained, accept Golden Rule and successfully implement it in their job. (Manager In Training Programms, 2010).In order to improve HRM policy of Four Seasons Hotels and Resort the writer would suggest several steps to make it more balanced between guest oriented policy and employees oriented policy. Four Seasons are nerve-racking to balance these two subjects, but it seems that they are a bit confused about it. The solution of this issue is to provide more benefits for their employees. First of all it would increase the flow of qualified persons who have ability to be learnt. From the other hand it would motivate employees to increase their level of education, to apply for mote training programs in ord er to get career development in the future. The third advantage of increasing employees benefits is that this would change and directly review the policy of the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts thus make it more employees oriented. But for the other hand the company should not forget about their main goals personalized service for each customer. That is why Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts make their employees empowered. The HRM policy of the company is also based on forwarding employees to the right way, the way of Golden Rule. They dont do anything special, but their work is not easy, because Human Resource surgical incision is the first who faced with employees challenges and in addition they have to bring the ideas and values of Golden Rules into employees minds, in order to reach companys goals which are based on exclusive and personalized service in all Four seasons Hotels and Resorts.Does it have effective policies and procedures in HRM? Critically evaluate the ones you have i dentified.As readers can see from examples above, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts have very specific HRM policy. The thing is that in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Human Resource Management is based on standards, but they dont have lots of rules. As they prefer personalized customer service they do empower their employees, so they can act in any situations. This allows employees to take actions and to feel free to resolve all customers needs. As in all situations, there is a risk of making wrong decision. The employee will be responsible for this, but in all cases the company can lose their customer which will affect the company as a whole. As Human Resource policy in Four Seasons Hotels and resorts is more companys philosophy orientated the employee turnover is just a half compared with the whole industry. Four Seasons created their own niche in the hospitality industry. Nowadays Four Seasons Hotels and resort has several main competitors. From HRM point of view, employees benef its are one of the most attractive parts for people who are interested in joining company. The term employees benefits is common for all industries. Employee benefits are all benefits and services, other from wages for time worked, that are provided to employees in whole or in part by their employers. (Definition of Employee benefits, 2010). Below, the researcher presented the table of benefits, which presents the whole picture of benefits policy of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts and its main competitor Ritz-Carlton. The table will help readers to analyze and examine employee benefits of two main competitors in luxury mid-size hotel niche. In addition both competitors use management contracts model of managing properties. This is very good decision. The thing is that there are several recent examples that cross-file that franchising method of managing properties doesnt work in a proper way nowadays.Development of employees commitment or allegiance directly depends on job conditio ns provided by employer. That is why providing basic benefits in necessary for big companied like Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. But in order to attract more employees whey included more benefits in basic conditions. Definitely this action would influence the flow of employees and would increase motivation, which will positive effect the company.Table 1BenefitsHotel BrandsFour Seasons Hotels and ResortsRitz-Carlton Hotels and Resorts passage growth opportunitiesCareer growth/promotions opportunitiesUnique deep cultureDiscounts on spa treatmentsBest-in Industry trainingChildcare discountsLuxury environment in magnificent locations world goodTuition reimbursementProfit sharing / incentive bonus / competitive salariesIncome replacement programs (both short and long-term constipation)Complimentary stays at Four Seasons properties with discounted mealsDiscounted accommodation in all Ritz-Carlton Hotels and ResortsPaid holidays / vacationPaid vacation, sick and holiday leaveEducationa l assistanceHealth and wellness insurance programsDental and medical / disability / life insuranceLife/health/dental/vision insuranceRetirement benefits / pensionRetirement savings and profit sharing plansEmployee service awardshealth care and dependent care spending accountsAnnual employee party / social and sporting eventsService anniversary awardsComplimentary meals in dedicated employee restaurantsComplimentary or low cost meals in your Employee Dining Room(Four Seasons Benefits, 2010), (Ritz-Carlton Understand Benefits, 2010)After careful comparison of both employees benefits, readers can define several differences, which directly influence the loyalty of employees. In order to make HRM policy more reliable, writer would suggest to enlarge number of benefits. In addition increasing different incentives for line-staff employees would also positive effect Human Resource policy of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts.If you were the VP of HRM how would you move the company forward in t he next five years?Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is very unquestionable luxury hotel chain.

Workplace Citizenship Skills for Organization Function

employment Citizenship Skills for Organization FunctionWorkplace citizenship is the perspective that the employees of an institution have where they extend their behaviours beyond the normal duties. Workplace citizenship behaviour in other words means stool uping further than the minimum expected from the individual. The behaviour showcased by the employee can have huge touch on on the workplace environment and whole organisation. Good practices at the workplace keeps the workplace positive and it also helps in raising the satisfaction and happiness take aim in employees. When there is a positive work environment the employees will be more optimistic and less stressed, which in turn helps in let out efficiency. This paper discusses or so the relevance of social province, converse and team work in nursing framework. It also highlights how go down ons divulge social responsibility and discusses about the entailment of communication and teamwork in nursing. This paper estab lishes the importance of mutually interrelated communication and teamwork to work with the multidisciplinary team members.The American Nurses Association (ANA, 2010) defines nursing as a healthc atomic number 18 telephone line where the health of the individual, families and the whole population is optimized, protected and promoted. Nursing is a divine profession where care is given from birth to the last breath of an individual. In addition to the advanced clinical skills and technical knowledge, nurses should integrate workplace attributes to achieve their title role in society and work field. In nursing discipline of constructive citizenship values and its application in work field enables to achieve a rewarding career. In work field, a professionally competent registered nurse must showcase high degree of social responsibility, work efficiently with teams by communicating effectively. These values produce and empower professionally competent nurses who bring about efficient ly in their related discipline.Communication is basically the transfer of ideas from sender to the receiver even though, orbiculateization brought great advancements which changed communication channels (Dwyer, 2012). Nurses everyday give out with forbearings, families, other allied health professionals and administrators. Communication is very important as it promote efficient, safe and high forest care. There are three main fortunes in a successful communication sender, receiver and message (Dwyer, 2012). In nursing profession there is a great amount of information to be shared in limited time span. There are many factors which influence how the message is interpreted. This include the location where the communication occurred, past experience and individualized perceptions of both sender and receiver. Miscommunication refers to lack of clarity in transferring the required information which leads to misinterpretation of the situation. Miscommunication can have drastic effe cts, even to the death of the patient. Best theoretical account will be importance of the patient report at the diversify change. The nurse who is relieving the shift have to communicate about the condition of the patient including treatments, medications and anything which happened during the shift to the nurse who is commencing the next shift.Honesty is very important for effective communication in nursing. ()Do not offer anything to a patient unless the nurse can kick it, if nurse cannot follow it, explain why nurse cannot deliver to the patient. Nurses have to be responsive and available. The patient and the family will be agitated if they feel they are ignored. Sometimes this might be due to faults in the communication process. Implement corrective measures so that, communication process goes though faultlessly and in a timely manner.Verbal component in the communication process is very minute compared to the nonverbal part. ()Study conducted by University of Illinois at Chi cago (UIC) found that spoken words contributes only seven percent in a communication process. () Facial expression comprised of fifty five percentage and thirty eight percent is from the touch of voice. () The study also claims that, one way or another we are communicating always, even if we are not speaking. ()Nurses have to pay attention to the proboscis language, eye contact and tone of voice when talking to patients, families, co-workers, superiors and virtually everyone. Effective communication plays a pivotal role in promoting integrated flow of information, quislingism amidst team members and solutions in immediate patient recovery.SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYLike any other professions, nursing is an essential part of the society and it continues to bend and evolve. Cambridge vocabulary defines social responsibility as a practice of producing goods and services in a way that is not harmful to the society or the environment. (http//dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-e nglish/social-responsibility). Social responsibility refers to obligation of a person which is measured by the thoughts and beliefs of an individual. Social responsibility of a nurse refers to the ethical and moral obligations permeating the profession (). Main components of social responsibility are defined in the professional guidelines laid by Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (NMBA). These standards cover patient care, integrity, morals, responsibility and collaboration with the other allied healthcare professionals. These code of ethics are very important and these must be abided by each professional. Ethical violations could result on suspension or permanent loss of the professional license. Nurses have integrated roles to play individually and collectively in the society which is rooted in code of ethics and professional guidelines in terms of human dignity, social justice, integrity and altruism(Riley, Beal, 2010).The most important responsibility of a nurse is to a bide the hobby of a patient above any other concern or bias. Nurse has to support and respect patients self-determination regardless of the patients sex, age, nationality, race and medical condition. The nurse has to ensure patient safety and protect professional integrity. Nurse has to collaborate fully with other nurses, doctors and multidisciplinary team members.another(prenominal) important responsibility to be showcased by the nurses is being an advocate for the patients. Nurses should work for the patients rights, privacy protection and their choice for being part of a medical research. Nurses are accountable for their judgement and action. Accountability still exists when a duty is delegated to colleague or subordinate. The nurses also have the duty of respect and worship to themselves and others around them including patients. Nurses must maintain lifelong learning commitment and professional growth. They must be moral, express wisdom, courage and honesty. Nurses who have the lead roles must fire ethical nursing practices and retain an environment where subordinates can raise complaints.Nurses have a social responsibility for community education. They have to share the knowledge about the health, wellness and ways to resist diseases. Nurses should take part in the community outreach programs and activities related to healthcare. Nurses also must have knowledge about national and global health concerns, outbreaks, epidemics and infectious diseases and vaccines.Nurses should be able to provide equally accessible nursing care. They have to provide accountable, equitable, culturally and socially responsive high quality health care to all the sections of the population. Nurses are responsible for the actions and accountable to the duties they undertake. They must ensure to practice the duty of care through every aspect of work they undertake.A professionally competent registered nurse not only completes the professional registration requirements, but th ey actively participate in the community settings to provide the high hat care to the community members. Social responsibility is a skill which must be expanded from the experiences gained in professional life through continuous practice.TEAMWORKIn any line of work, effective team work enables to achieve common goal by working together with the group members. Organ defines (as cited in Yun et al., 2007) organisational citizenship behaviour as individual quality which cannot be recognized directly but plays a vital role in the effective functioning of the organization. The leadership typology determines and influences team organizational citizenship behaviour. The roles and responsibilities are allocated to team members by leaders. Aversive, directive, transactional leaderships force the members to work for team so they results in team anti-citizenship behaviour (TACB). On the other hand, transformational and empowering leaderships motivates the members to work with the team which causes team organizational citizenship behaviour (TOCB). TOCB increases job satisfaction and overall productivity. Positive organizational citizenship outcomes are achieved through assertive and efficient communication between the team members. Nurses must work with people and not for them. This feeling of togetherness and cooperation between team members improve job satisfaction and enhances productivity by immediate patient recovery.CONCLUSIONThis paper talks about the workplace citizenship skills necessary for the effective functioning of organization. The workplace citizenship skills make a professional part of the organization which increases job satisfaction and hence, the overall productivity of organization. The aspect of public health cannot be separated from care provided by a nurse. Therefore, social service is the integral component of a nurse. Effective communication and team work are both inter related. In a multidisciplinary team, effective communication, collaboratio n, good team spirit and flexibleness between team members improves job satisfaction. In all professional fields, communication is necessary for transferring ideas. Similarly, in nursing verbal as well nonverbal communication has a vital role to play. Miscommunication can interrupt the flow of information and can result in medical errors caused by misinterpretation of the situation. Development and display high degree of social responsibility, transfer of effective communication and good spirit of teamwork has profound influence on achieving the organizational citizenship skills.References hanging indentANA- foregather American Nurses AssociationAmerican Nurses Association. (2010). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Washington, USA Author.http//www.nursingworld.org/mainmenucategories/ethicsstandards/codeofethicsfornurses/code-of-ethics.pdfDwyer, J. (2012). Communication in todays workplace. (9th ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW Pearson Australia.Riley, J., Beal, J. (20 10). Public service Experienced nurses views on social and civic responsibility.Nursing Outlook, 58(3), 142-147.Retrieved fromhttp//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/10.1016/j.outlook.2010.02.158Wray-Lake, L., Syvertsen, A.K. (2011). The developmental roots of social responsibility in childhood and adolescence. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 134(1), 11-25. doi 10.1002/cd.308Yun, S., Cox, J., Sims, H.P., Salam, S. (2007). Leadership and Teamwork The effects of leadership and job satisfaction on team citizenship. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 2(3), 171-193. Retrieved from http//www.regentuniversity.org/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol2iss3/yun/YunCoxSimsSalam_Vol2Iss3.pdfMehrabian, A 2012,Nonverbal communication,UCLA, Aldine Atherton, Chicago.Referenceshttp//www.nursetogether.com/why-communication-in-the-nursing-profession-is-important

How will Brexit Impact the Law Profession?

How allow Brexit Impact the Law Profession?The UKs exit from the European Union has brought shockwaves around the world. This article aims to analyse how Brexit will bear upon the profession of policeyers and its industry.Right now, there is much incertitude as to how Brexit will impact the UK and its legal industry.However, in the short name, once Article 50 of the capital of Portugal Treaty is triggered, there could be a small boom in legal advisory needed by financial services companies on how to make in this new environment.For example, Brexit will impact tax, employment, business justice, intellectual property and financial regulation.The U.K. legal profession is massive. It contributed 25.7 billion pounds to U.Ks GDP in 2015. It also employs 314,000 people. Regarding international legal services fee revenue, it makes up 10% of it.London-based fairnessyers might benefit from the weak poundAs the pound weakened drastically from the Brexit decision, it might booster cabl e to more business for UK based law firms. This is a significant turnaround from Londons reputation as being home to some of the worlds most expensive lawyers.With a weak pound, lawyers specializing in Mergers and Acquisitions might benefit from providing potentially cheap UK target companies for foreign buyers as a result of the weak pound.Lawyers might risk losing their fringe benefit to practice law in EUOne of the risks arising from the Brexit is that lawyers lose their rights to EU professional legal right. This means that if you are a lawyer, you might no time-consuming be recognized by EU to practice in the region.A report by consulting giant Ernst and Young predicted that losing EU access could create a loss of 18,000 jobs in the legal and accounting sector.However, this risk remains to be seen as there are likely to be new agreements to be negotiated before the full Brexit occurs.With the significant role the legal profession plays in the U.K., the government has to find ways to alleviate the risks and damage that Brexit will create on the law profession. It cannot just let U.K. lose its prestige as a global hub for legislation and finance. In fact, the U.K. is the worlds pioneer center for dispute resolution.The use of the English law in commercial contract globally should also be protected by the British government.The loss of reputation and relevance of the law profession will create massive job losses and a trickle-down effect on other sectors.The likely relocation of financial institutions will reduce the bottom store of law firmsFinancial firms are one of the key clients of U.K. law companies, and because of Brexit, they might choose to relocate byside the UK. This could mean the decline of the law firms. In 2015, the fiver dominant law firms in London earned revenues amounting to 5.14 billion pounds. True enough, after the EU referendum, the private performances of Allen Overy, Clifford Chance, Slaughter May, Freshfields, and Linklaters all slowed down.According to a prospect done by professional services group PwC, profit margins from UK operations at the top 50 law firms have dropped by an average of 1% to 1.4% percent in 2016.After the U.K. leaves the EU bloc, the EU will eliminate practice rights for cross-border business.Brexit is beneficial for Law Professors and students dealing with EU Law and BrexitOne of the benefactors of the Brexit would be current law students specializing in EU law.Brexit triggers a lot of uncertainty and questions and the law students that can understand the legal complexity of the situation will be very employable upon graduation.The numbers show that some students that got accepted to law courses for the academic year 2015-2016 have more than tripled based on figures from Law baseball club of England and Wales.With more students joining law schools, it would also boost the demand for lawyer professors. Lawyers can, therefore, part time in law schools and increase their incomes.U .K. legal firms are doing countermeasuresAs a result of Brexit, many law firms, especially the elite ones are already thinking of counter moves once their key clients decide to move out of the U.K. For starters, many lawyers from England and Wales are applying to be members of the Irish Bar. By September of last year, 411 U.K. lawyers registered in Ireland.There might be more mergers in the near term and increased technology investmentAs a result of dwindling demand and intense competition, more mergers in the law industry might elapse to unfold. For example, there was a recent three-way merger between Olswang, Nabarro and CMS UK.With the stiff competition, investing in new technology might be imperative to stick up and to remain relevant.There will be fewerEU trainees in London law firmsDiversity in London law firms will proceeds a hit as there will be less EU trainees going to London for training. These EU trainees bring talents, language skills and relevant inelegant knowledg e that could give the firm an edge.Final thoughts on the BrexitAt the end of the day, the impact of Brexit on the law profession is rather uncertain. The biggest factor that will define it will be Brexits economic impact on the U.K. The legal industry depends on many industries for business, e.g. the financial sector.If the financial sector gets dragged down because of economic uncertainty and losses from the Brexit, accordingly law firms will suffer as well.If the preservation surges, then we can see the law industry to thrive and even grow.If the U.K. economy slows down, then the law industry will have to adapt and find ways to survive.Another factor to keep in mind is how much of the revenues these London-based law firms make are outside the U.K.If most of their income is made outside the U.K., Brexit would have a limited impact on them. However, if they get mostly their revenues inside the U.K., then they will have to make some adjustments to address this risk.

hamlet :: essays research papers

Hamlet EssayAfter reading Hamlet, I have cognise that some of Shakespeares original playmust be abridged for our production. After careful analysis I have decided that of the foursoliloquies in the play we should only include two of them. I have discovered that two ofthese soliloquies are not that important in understanding the meaning of the play.In order to see which two we should include or omit we have to summarize allfour soliloquies. The first one, which begins O that this too, too sullied flesh..., is anemotionally godforsaken speech. Hamlet wishes he were dead, complains that suicide is a sin,and describes the world as useless and disgusting. He hence talks about his father,comparing him to Claudius. He calls Claudius a half- humanity half-beast creature. The tricesoliloquy, which begins O what a rogue and pleasant slave am I..., Hamlet compareshimself to a mythical character named Hecuba and wonders what the latter would do inhis situation. He then accuses himself of be ing a coward who cant even avenge hisfathers dead. He also calls himself an idiot before devising a end to remedy thesituation. To be or not to be... (third soliloquy) is basically a debate on life andwhether it is worth living. Hamlet here questions death and says that all custody fear death.Hamlet ends here by saying conscience makes cowards of us all for when we think of theconsequences of an action we do not take it. And finally the twenty-five percent soliloquy whichbegins How all occasions to inform against me... is an expression of Hamlets shameand amazement that others can act when he himself cant. Hamlet here realizes that hecant escape from his destiny and has a sense of feeling of what is about to happen tohim.After paraphrasing all four soliloquies a closing has to be made as to what toinclude. The two which should be included are the first and third ones. The first oneshould be included because it allows the audience to fall upon Hamlets innermost thoughts.This sp eech sets precedence for the rest of the play. In this speech Hamlet expresses hisgrievances toward the people he is supposed to love. It is an outpouring of a man in deepdistress. It not only puts Hamlet in confusion but the audience which has to decide ifHamlet is crazy or not as the play develops. The third soliloquy should also be includedbecause it is the most famous speech in all of the English language.

Roman Body Armor :: essays research papers

During the expansion of Rome and the acquisition of new territory, the Roman armies were often met by heavy resistance and bloody conflicts. The armies needed a type of protection that would safely protect soldiers and would ensure victory for Rome.That is the reason armour (upper embody) in particular was implemented to save soldiers on the battlefield. The armour had to tack certain standards of construction for it to be useful Of these standards the first was that armour was to be flexible enough to allow the wearer freedom of movement in battle. Secondly, it had to be light it could be worn without wearing down the soldier, while still protecting him against an opponents weapon and finally, the armour had to be made at low cost. These three aspects were authoritative in the evolution of armour design in the Roman army. The main study point ofRoman armour is that it was a trade off between freedom of movement, protection, and cost factor. In the first century A.D. there were about four types of armour in use. The names of the different types were muscle, scale, mail, and part mail and the segmented breastplate being the leading type. Studying of these armour types relies upon three main sources of evidence iconographic archaeological and literary source documents.The evolution of Roman armour was influenced by the needs and circumstances of the Roman Army. Armies of the first century A.D. were finally established within theEmpire and control fell solely under the Emperor. With the increase of soldiers in theRoman army, which was up to around thirty legions, well built armour was more in need than ever on the frontiers. The army could be carve up into two distinct parts the legion and the auxiliary. Only Roman citizens could become a legionnaire, while the auxiliary were made of non citizens from Romes settled territories. The early view post forward by a historian named Webster was that the equipment used by the legionnaires was remarkably uniform th roughout the empire. However, there has been no evidence that supports this theory, showing that a neat number of types and ages of equipment was in use at anyone time. Peterson argues that uniform armour in the Roman army may have only extended to the soldiers having their own body armour, helmet, weapons and shield showing a common trademark. Bishop and Coulston suggest that in this period soldiers purchased their own equipment.